Handbook of Plastic Films - Elsayed M. Abdel-Bary - Rapra Technology 2003, Polymers
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Handbook of
Plastic Films
Editor:
Elsayed M. Abdel-Bary
Rapra Technology Limited
Handbook of
Plastic Films
Editor: E.M. Abdel-Bary
rapra
Rapra Technology Limited
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118
TECHNOLOGY
First Published in 2003 by
Rapra Technology Limited
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK
©2003, Rapra Technology Limited
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part
of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior permission from the copyright holder.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of any material
reproduced within the text and the authors and publishers apologise if
any have been overlooked.
ISBN: 1-85957-338-X
Typeset by Rapra Technology Limited
Cover printed by The Printing House, Crewe, UK
Printed and bound by Rapra Technology Limited, Shrewsbury, UK
1. Technology of Polyolefin Film Production ...................................................... 5
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 5
1.2 Structures of the Polyolefins................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) ............................................. 7
1.2.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE, MDPE, UHMWPE) ........... 8
1.2.3 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) ................................ 8
1.2.4 Very- and Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene (VLDPE, ULDPE) ... 8
1.2.5 Polypropylene (PP) ..................................................................... 9
1.2.6 Polypropylene Copolymers ........................................................ 9
1.3 Morphology of Polyolefin Films ............................................................ 9
1.4 Rheological Characterisation of the Polyolefins ................................... 10
1.4.1 High-Density Polyethylene ....................................................... 10
1.4.2 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ............................................ 11
1.4.3 Very- and Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene .............................. 11
1.4.4 Low-Density Polyethylene, Long Branches .............................. 11
1.4.5 Polypropylene .......................................................................... 12
1.5 Blown Film Production (Tubular Extrusion) ........................................ 13
1.5.1 Extruder Characteristics .......................................................... 14
1.5.2 Screw Design ........................................................................... 15
1.5.3 Frost-line and Blow Ratio ........................................................ 15
1.6 Cast Film Production ........................................................................... 16
1.6.1 Extrusion Conditions ............................................................... 16
1.6.2 Calendering Finishing .............................................................. 17
1.6.3 Extrusion Coating .................................................................... 17
iii
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Handbook of
Plastic Films
Editor:
Elsayed M. Abdel-Bary
Rapra Technology Limited
Handbook of
Plastic Films
Editor: E.M. Abdel-Bary
rapra
Rapra Technology Limited
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118
TECHNOLOGY
First Published in 2003 by
Rapra Technology Limited
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, UK
©2003, Rapra Technology Limited
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part
of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior permission from the copyright holder.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of any material
reproduced within the text and the authors and publishers apologise if
any have been overlooked.
ISBN: 1-85957-338-X
Typeset by Rapra Technology Limited
Cover printed by The Printing House, Crewe, UK
Printed and bound by Rapra Technology Limited, Shrewsbury, UK
1. Technology of Polyolefin Film Production ...................................................... 5
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 5
1.2 Structures of the Polyolefins................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) ............................................. 7
1.2.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE, MDPE, UHMWPE) ........... 8
1.2.3 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) ................................ 8
1.2.4 Very- and Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene (VLDPE, ULDPE) ... 8
1.2.5 Polypropylene (PP) ..................................................................... 9
1.2.6 Polypropylene Copolymers ........................................................ 9
1.3 Morphology of Polyolefin Films ............................................................ 9
1.4 Rheological Characterisation of the Polyolefins ................................... 10
1.4.1 High-Density Polyethylene ....................................................... 10
1.4.2 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene ............................................ 11
1.4.3 Very- and Ultra-Low-Density Polyethylene .............................. 11
1.4.4 Low-Density Polyethylene, Long Branches .............................. 11
1.4.5 Polypropylene .......................................................................... 12
1.5 Blown Film Production (Tubular Extrusion) ........................................ 13
1.5.1 Extruder Characteristics .......................................................... 14
1.5.2 Screw Design ........................................................................... 15
1.5.3 Frost-line and Blow Ratio ........................................................ 15
1.6 Cast Film Production ........................................................................... 16
1.6.1 Extrusion Conditions ............................................................... 16
1.6.2 Calendering Finishing .............................................................. 17
1.6.3 Extrusion Coating .................................................................... 17
iii
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