HP - Fiber Optic Technical Training Manual, TELEKOMUNIKACJA, eng, --Światłowody (koksa)
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HP
Fiber Optic Technical Training Manual
Acknowledgements
As with any manual that encompasses a variety of subject matter, many
individuals contributed to it. My thanks to the members of the Hewlett-
Packard Fiber-Optic Communications Division Product Marketing and
Applications Engineering Departments who spent many hours review-
ing the material for technical correctness.
--
Ed.
Contents
Introduction ..........................................................................v
Fiber-Optic Technology .......................................................1
Networking Technology.................................................... 19
LAN Standards .................................................................. 25
Optical Transmission and Types of Fiber ......................... 43
How to Use the Fiber Optic Section of the Catalog.......... 47
Glossary ............................................................................. 49
Introduction
Welcome to the
F
IBER
-O
PTIC
T
ECHNOLOGY
T
RAINING
M
ANUAL
.
This manual is intended for
readers with knowledge of electronics but either
little or no experience with fiber optics.
noise of the first transistor in the PIN-photodiode
preamplifier or noise on the power-supply line of
the host digital system, can change or corrupt the
stream of data bits. The number of these cor-
rupted bits divided by the total number of re-
ceived bits within an arbitrary time period is the
bit error rate (BER). The lower the BER value,
the fewer the number of errors in the transmis-
sion.
The manual is divided into six sections:
- Fiber Optic Technology,
- Networking Technology,
- LAN Standards,
- Types of Fiber and Optical Transmission,
- How to Use the Fiber Optic Section
of the Catalog,
- Glossary (of fiber-optic and related terms).
The bit-error ratio is usually given by a number such as
10
-6
. This means that on average, one error occurs for
every million pulses sent. Typical error ratios for opti-
cal fiber systems range from 10
-9
to 10
-12
(local-area
networks require a BER as low as 10
-12
). The BER can
be measured by repeatedly transmitting and receiving a
suitable length of a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS)
data. The necessary optical power to achieve a given
signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore a certain BER, is
called the receiver’s sensitivity.
How to use the Manual
Basic information is in a larger type with a clear
background. Information that is more detailed or
technical is in smaller type with a dark background
and is separated from the basic text by a row of
magnifying lenses with a bold black line above
them. An example is shown below:
Bit Error Rate
In an actual transmission system, various elec-
tronic noise sources, such as the shot (random)
If you want or need only the basic information you
can skip these sections
.
v
Fiber Optic Technology
Introduction
A communication link can be made with a variety
of media, including twisted-wire pair, coaxial ca-
ble, RF (radio frequency) or IR (infrared) wireless
signal transmission, or fiber-optic cable.
some of which are not available with other tech-
nology:
- Complete input/output electrical isolation,
- No electromagnetic interference (EMI) susceptibil-
ity or radiation along the transmission media,
- Broad bandwidth over a long distance,
- Light-weight, small-diameter cables
- Equal to the cost of copper wire and connectors
(except when copper wire is already installed).
Fiber-optic systems use pulses of light traveling
through an optical fiber to transmit data. This
method offers many advantages over copper wire,
Feature
Benefit
Electromagnetic In-
terference (EMI)
Because optical fiber transmits light rather than electrons, it neither radiates EM (electromagnetic)
fields nor is it susceptible to any EM fields surrounding it. This is important in a number of applic a-
tions:
- Industrial control, where cables run along factory floors in proximity to electrically noisy machinery.
The optical medium permits the control signals to be carried error-free through the electrically noisy
environment.
- Telecommunications equipment manufacturers use optical fiber because it eliminates cross talk be-
tween the telecommunication lines.
- Financial institutions and gaming equipment manufacturers require data security. Tapping into a fi-
ber cable without being detected is extremely difficult.
High Bandwidth
Optical fiber has a relatively high bandwidth in comparison to other transmission media. This permits
much longer transmission distances and much higher signal rates than most media. For example, all
undersea long-haul telecommunications cable is fiber-optic. This technology is allowing worldwide
communications (voice, video and data) to be available mainstream. With new technologies, such as
VCSEL transmitters, parallel optics and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), services such as
video-on-demand and video conferencing will be available to most homes in the near future.
Fiber isolates two different voltage potentials. and insulates in high-voltage areas. For example, it will
eliminate errors due to ground-loop potential differences and is ideal for data transmission in areas
subject to frequent electrical storms, and presents no ha
zard to the field installer.
Weight and Diameter A 100 meter coaxial cable transmitting 500 megabits
of data per unit time is about 800 percent heavier
than a plastic fiber cable and about 700 percent
heavier than a hard-clad silica cable, all of equal
length and transmitting at the same data rate.
m diameter
hard-clad silica (HCS)
m
m diameter
multi-mode glass
9/125-
m
The relative diameters of various types of fiber cable
and coaxial copper cable for the same distance and
data rate are shown in the illustration at the right.
m diameter
single-mode glass
m
5-mm diameter
coaxial copper wire
(with 2-mm diameter jacket)
1-mm diameter
plastic optical fiber (POF)
1
Voltage Isolation
Voltage Insulation
200/230-
62.5/125-
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HP
Fiber Optic Technical Training Manual
Acknowledgements
As with any manual that encompasses a variety of subject matter, many
individuals contributed to it. My thanks to the members of the Hewlett-
Packard Fiber-Optic Communications Division Product Marketing and
Applications Engineering Departments who spent many hours review-
ing the material for technical correctness.
--
Ed.
Contents
Introduction ..........................................................................v
Fiber-Optic Technology .......................................................1
Networking Technology.................................................... 19
LAN Standards .................................................................. 25
Optical Transmission and Types of Fiber ......................... 43
How to Use the Fiber Optic Section of the Catalog.......... 47
Glossary ............................................................................. 49
Introduction
Welcome to the
F
IBER
-O
PTIC
T
ECHNOLOGY
T
RAINING
M
ANUAL
.
This manual is intended for
readers with knowledge of electronics but either
little or no experience with fiber optics.
noise of the first transistor in the PIN-photodiode
preamplifier or noise on the power-supply line of
the host digital system, can change or corrupt the
stream of data bits. The number of these cor-
rupted bits divided by the total number of re-
ceived bits within an arbitrary time period is the
bit error rate (BER). The lower the BER value,
the fewer the number of errors in the transmis-
sion.
The manual is divided into six sections:
- Fiber Optic Technology,
- Networking Technology,
- LAN Standards,
- Types of Fiber and Optical Transmission,
- How to Use the Fiber Optic Section
of the Catalog,
- Glossary (of fiber-optic and related terms).
The bit-error ratio is usually given by a number such as
10
-6
. This means that on average, one error occurs for
every million pulses sent. Typical error ratios for opti-
cal fiber systems range from 10
-9
to 10
-12
(local-area
networks require a BER as low as 10
-12
). The BER can
be measured by repeatedly transmitting and receiving a
suitable length of a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS)
data. The necessary optical power to achieve a given
signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore a certain BER, is
called the receiver’s sensitivity.
How to use the Manual
Basic information is in a larger type with a clear
background. Information that is more detailed or
technical is in smaller type with a dark background
and is separated from the basic text by a row of
magnifying lenses with a bold black line above
them. An example is shown below:
Bit Error Rate
In an actual transmission system, various elec-
tronic noise sources, such as the shot (random)
If you want or need only the basic information you
can skip these sections
.
v
Fiber Optic Technology
Introduction
A communication link can be made with a variety
of media, including twisted-wire pair, coaxial ca-
ble, RF (radio frequency) or IR (infrared) wireless
signal transmission, or fiber-optic cable.
some of which are not available with other tech-
nology:
- Complete input/output electrical isolation,
- No electromagnetic interference (EMI) susceptibil-
ity or radiation along the transmission media,
- Broad bandwidth over a long distance,
- Light-weight, small-diameter cables
- Equal to the cost of copper wire and connectors
(except when copper wire is already installed).
Fiber-optic systems use pulses of light traveling
through an optical fiber to transmit data. This
method offers many advantages over copper wire,
Feature
Benefit
Electromagnetic In-
terference (EMI)
Because optical fiber transmits light rather than electrons, it neither radiates EM (electromagnetic)
fields nor is it susceptible to any EM fields surrounding it. This is important in a number of applic a-
tions:
- Industrial control, where cables run along factory floors in proximity to electrically noisy machinery.
The optical medium permits the control signals to be carried error-free through the electrically noisy
environment.
- Telecommunications equipment manufacturers use optical fiber because it eliminates cross talk be-
tween the telecommunication lines.
- Financial institutions and gaming equipment manufacturers require data security. Tapping into a fi-
ber cable without being detected is extremely difficult.
High Bandwidth
Optical fiber has a relatively high bandwidth in comparison to other transmission media. This permits
much longer transmission distances and much higher signal rates than most media. For example, all
undersea long-haul telecommunications cable is fiber-optic. This technology is allowing worldwide
communications (voice, video and data) to be available mainstream. With new technologies, such as
VCSEL transmitters, parallel optics and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), services such as
video-on-demand and video conferencing will be available to most homes in the near future.
Fiber isolates two different voltage potentials. and insulates in high-voltage areas. For example, it will
eliminate errors due to ground-loop potential differences and is ideal for data transmission in areas
subject to frequent electrical storms, and presents no ha
zard to the field installer.
Weight and Diameter A 100 meter coaxial cable transmitting 500 megabits
of data per unit time is about 800 percent heavier
than a plastic fiber cable and about 700 percent
heavier than a hard-clad silica cable, all of equal
length and transmitting at the same data rate.
m diameter
hard-clad silica (HCS)
m
m diameter
multi-mode glass
9/125-
m
The relative diameters of various types of fiber cable
and coaxial copper cable for the same distance and
data rate are shown in the illustration at the right.
m diameter
single-mode glass
m
5-mm diameter
coaxial copper wire
(with 2-mm diameter jacket)
1-mm diameter
plastic optical fiber (POF)
1
Voltage Isolation
Voltage Insulation
200/230-
62.5/125-
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